Alignment sensitivity of holographic three-dimensional disks

We describe the rotational alignment sensitivity of three-dimensional holographic disks. It is shown that the reconstructed image always rotates by the angle by which the disk rotates; however, the center and the radius of rotation change as the recording geometry changes. A comparison among image plane, Fourier plane, and Fresnel holograms is given, and an optimum configuration (in terms of alignment sensitivity) in which the radius of rotation is zero is derived. We present experimental results and also discuss how the rotation alignment sensitivity affects the storage density and the readout–recording speed of the three-dimensional disk. A brief summary of other sources of misalignment is given

Three-dimensional holographic disks

We describe optical disks that store data holographically in three dimensions by using either angle multiplexing or wavelength multiplexing. Data are stored and retrieved in parallel blocks or pages, and each page consists of approximately 106 bits. The storage capacity of such disks is derived as a function of disk thickness, pixel size, page size, and scanning parameters. The optimum storage density is approximately 120 bits/µm^2

Nonvolatile storage in photorefractive crystals

We propose and demonstrate a nonvolatile holographic recording system for storing two-dimensional images. The readout light in this system is not absorbed by the holographic medium, and the data are preformatted or postformatted so that lines from different holograms are interleaved to satisfy the Bragg-matching condition

Optical network for real-time face recognition

An optical network is described that is capable of recognizing at standard video rates the identity of faces for which it has been trained. The faces are presented under a wide variety of conditions to the system and the classification performance is measured. The system is trained by gradually adapting photorefractive holograms

3-D Holographic Disks

[no abstract

Photorefractive 3-D disks for optical data storage and artificial neural networks

This thesis is on the application of 3-D photorefractive crystals disks for holographic optical data storage and optical neural networks. Chapter 1 gives some introductory background and motivation for the materials given in this thesis. In Chapter 2, the coupled-mode analysis and Born's approximation in anisotropic crystals is reviewed. The results are similar to that of isotropic materials. However, there are approximations that are often neglected in the literature. Chapter 3 starts with the description of the holographic 3-D disk for data storage, and analyzes the various alignment errors and tolerance problems for a 3D disk system. Of particular interest is the effects in image reconstruction caused by rotational angle error. An optimum configuration is found that minimizes this error. Chapter 4 examines the data storage density of 3-D disks and volume holographic storage systems that utilize wavelength/angle and spatial multiplexing. The maximum storage density and the geometry that achieves this density is derived. Chapter 5 discusses the diffraction efficiency of 3-D disks fabricated with photorefractive crystals. Practical geometries and crystal orientations for achieving maximum uniform diffraction efficiency are given and compared to the maximum obtainable diffraction efficiencies using arbitrary cut crystals. Experimental results are shown. Also derived in this chapter are the double grating effect from crystal anisotropy, and the optimum configuration for getting maximum diffraction efficiency using the 90 degree recording geometry. The Kuhktarev band-transport model of the photorefractive effect is examined briefly with emphasis on the anisotropy of the material. The proper expression for the permittivity term in the space-charge field formula is derived. Chapter 6 gives an example of an optical neural network that uses photorefractive crystals. It is the real time face-recognition system. The setup and experiments are described. Some properties of volume holographic correlators are given in the Appendix